Less is More: The Effects of Suspension and Suspension Severity on

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Little is known about how the type and length of school suspensions are related to academic and nonacademic outcomes for disciplined students and their peers. AIR worked with the New York City Department of Education to investigate the effects of the type and length of exclusionary disciplinary responses on (a) middle and high school students’ educational outcomes, (b) their same-grade same-school peers’ educational outcomes, and (c) school climate.